EVERYDAY SCIENCE
Differentiate between the following pairs:
Barometer:
It is an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure.
Hygrometer:
An instrument for measuring the humidity, or water vapours content, of gas (usually air).
2. Anemometer and Perimeter
Anemometer:
It is a device for measuring wind speed and liquid flow.
Perimeter:
A line drawn around the edge of an area or shape.
3. Nucleon and Photon
Nucleon:
In particle physics, either a proton or a neutron, when present in the atomic nucleus.
Nucleon number is an alternative name of the mass number of an atom.
Photon:
In physics, the elementary particle of energy in which light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation are emitted. The photon has both particle and wave properties. It has no charge is considered massless but possesses momentum and energy.
4. Artery and Vein
Artery:
It is vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It is built to withstand considerable pressure, having thick walls which contain smooth muscle fibres.
Vein:
In animals with a circulatory system, any vessel that carries blood from the body to the heart. Veins contains valves that prevent the blood from running back when moving against gravity.
5. Isobar and Isotopes
Isobar:
Line drawn on maps and weather charts linking all places with the same atmospheric pressure.
Isotope:
One of two or more atoms that have the same atomic number, but which contain a different number of neutrons, thus differing in their atomic masses.
Define the following:
(i). Osmosis
: Movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane separating solutions of different concentrations. The solvent passes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution until the two concentrations are equal.
(ii). Phototropism:
Movement of part of a plant toward or away from a source of light. Leaves are positively phototropic, detecting the source of light and orientating themselves to receive the maximum amount.
(iii). Transpiration:
The loss of water from a plant by evaporation. Most water is lost from the leaves through pores known as stomata, whose primary function is to allow gas exchange between the plant's internal tissue and the atmosphere. Transpiration from the leaf surface causes a continuous upward flow of water from the roots via the xylem, which is known as the transpiration stream.
(iv). Glycogen:
Polymer of the sugar glucose made and retained in the liver as carbohydrate store, for which reason it is sometimes called animal starch. It is a source of energy when needed by muscles, where it is converted back into glucose by the hormone insulin and metabolised.
(v) Equilibrium:
In physics, an unchanging condition in which an undisturbed system can remain indefinitely in a state of balance.
(vi). Fescue:
Any grass of a widely disturbed group. Many are used in temperate regions for lawns and pasture. Many unplanted species are viviparous, producing young plantlets instead of flowers.
(vii). Gametophyte:
The haploid generation in the life cycle of a plant that produces gametes.
(viii). Microtubules:
Tiny tubes found in almost all cells with a nucleus. They help to define the shape of a cell by forming scaffolding for cilia and they also form the fibers of mitotic spindle.
(ix). Pole Star:
Another name for Polaris, the northern pole star. There is no bright star near the southern celestial.
Scury:
A disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C, which is contained in fresh vegetables and fruit. The signs are weakness and aching joints and muscles, progressing to bleeding of the gums and other spontaneous haemorrhage and drying-up of the skin and hair. It is reserved by giving the vitamin.
Differentiate between the following pairs:
1. Monocot and dicot plants.
Monocot:
Monocot produce one seed leaf and have leaves with parallel venation.
Dicot:
Dicot produce two-seed leaf and leaves display reticulate venation.
Pollination
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred from the stamen to the pistil which results in the formation of a seed.
Fertilization
Fertilization is the union of two gametes to produce a zygote which combines the genetic material contributed by each parent.
3. Umbra and penumbra
Umbra:
It is the central region of a shadow that is totally dark because no light reaches it and from which no part of the light source can be seen.
Penumbra:
The region of partial shade between the totally dark part of a shadow and the fully illuminated region outside.
4. Heavy water and hard water
Heavy water:
Heavy water or deuterium oxide (D2O) water contains the isotope deuterium instead of hydrogen.
Hard water:
Hard water that does not lather easily with soap, and produces a deposit or 'scale' in kettles. It is caused by the presence of certain salt of calcium and magnesium.
5. Nucleus and Nucleolus
Nucleus:
It is a part of the cell containing DNA, RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction.
Nucleolus
(a small nucleus): An RNA-rich intranuclear organelle in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell produced by a nucleolar organiser.
Differentiate between the following pairs:
1. CU and ALU
CU: Abbreviation for cubic (measure).
ALU: Abbreviation for arithmetic and logic unit.
2. Mainframe and Personal Computer
Mainframe: Large computer used for commercial data processing and other large scale operations.
Personal Computer (PC): Another name for micro computer.
3. Fission and Fusion
Fission:
In physics, the splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into two or major fragments. It is accompanied by the emission of two or three neutrons and the release of large amounts of energy.
Fusion: In physics, the fusing of the nuclei of light elements, such as hydrogen, into those of a heavier element, such as helium. The resultant loss in their combined mass is converted into energy. Stars and thermonuclear weapons are powered by nuclear fusion.
4. Cusec and Comet
Cusec:
It is unit for measuring volume of liquid flow, equal to one cubic foot per second.
Comet: A small, frozen mass of dust and gas revolving around the sun in a parabolic or elliptical orbit; as it nears the sun, it vaporizes, forming a coma and usually a long tail of ions that points away from the sun.
5. Shockwave and Solar Cells
Shockwave:
Sharp changes of pressure in narrow region travelling through air, etc. caused by explosion or by body moving faster than sound.
Solar Cells:
The semi conducters, used to convert the radiant energy of sunlight into electric power.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FOLLOWING PAIRS:
1. Capacity and Cantaloupe:
Capacity:
Alternative term for volume generally used to refer to the amount of liquid or gas that may be held in a container : units of capacity include litre and millilitre (metric); paint and gallon (imperial).
Cantaloupe:
Any of several small varieties of muskmelon cucumis melo, distinguished by their round : ribbed fruits with orange coloured fish.
2. Centaury and Cenozoic
Centaur:
In astronomy comet like object with an unstable orbit of less than 200 years. They are 100 – 400 km in diameter and are redder than other asteroids. The six known centaurs originated in the Kuiper belt. Chiron and pholus are centaurs.
Cenozoic:
Era of geological time that began 65 million years ago and continues to the present day. It is divided into the tertiary and quaternary periods. The Cenozonic marks the emergence of mammals as a dominant group, including humans, and the formation of the mountain chairs of the Himalays and the Alps.
3. Decoder and Decrepitation
Decoder:
In computing an electronic circuit used to select one of several possible data pathways. Decoders are for example, used to direct data to individual memory locations within a computers immediate access memory.
Decrepitation:
In crystallography unusual features that accompany the thermal decomposition of some crystals, such as lead (II) nitrate. When these are heated, they spit and crackle and may jumps out of the test tube before they decompose.
4. Fennec and Fennel
Fennec:
Small nocturnal desert for fennecus Zerda found in North Africa and Arabia. It has a head and body only 40 cm / 1.3 ft long, and its enormous ears act as radiators to lose excess heat. It eats insects and small animals.
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Fennel:
Any of several varieties of a perennial plant with feathery green leaves, belonging to the carrot family. Fennels have an aniseed (liquorice) flavour, and the leaves and seeds are used in seasoning. The thickened leafstalks of sweet fennel and eaten as a vegetable.
5. Heliotrope and Heliosphere
Heliotrope:
Decorative plant belonging to the borage family, with distinctive spikes of blue, or white flowers, including the peruvian cherry pie heliotrope.
Heliosphere:
Region of space through which the solar wind, wind flows outwards from the sun. The heliopause is the boundary of this region, believed to lie about 100 astronomical units from the sun where the flow of the solar wind merges with the interstellar gas.
Differentiate Between The Following Pairs
Bit:
Contraction of binary digit in computing, a single binary digit, either 0 or 1. A bit is the smallest unit of data stored in a computer, all other data must be coded into a pattern of individual bits.
Byte:
Sufficient computer memory to store a single character of data. The character is stored in the byte of memory as a pattern of bits. A byte usually contains eight bits.
Ram:
Random Access Memory in computing, a memory device in the form of a collection of integrated circuits (chips) frequently used in micro computers. Ram chips can be both read from and written to by the computer, but their contents are lost when the power is switched off.
Rom:
Read Only Memory in computing, a memory device in the form of a collection of integrated circuits (chips) frequently used in micro computer. Rom chips are loaded with data and programs during manufacture and unlike Ram chips, can subsequently only be read, not written to, by computer. The contents of the chips are not lost when the power is switched off, as happens in Ram.
Herbivore:
Animal that feeds on green plants or their products, including seeds, fruit and nectar. The most numerous type of herbivore is thought to be the zoo plankton, tiny invertebrates in the surface waters of the oceans that feed on small photosynthetical algae.
Carnivore:
In zoology mammal of the order carnivore. They are flesh eating animals. They have the greatest range of body size of any mammalian order. They have sharp teeth, small incisors, a well developed brain and simple stomach.
Epidemic:
Out break of infectious disease affecting large numbers of people at the same time. A widespread epidemic that sweeps across many countries (such as the Black Death in the late Middle Ages) is known as a pandemic.
Endemic:
Regularly found in a particular place or among a particular group of people and difficult to get rid of Malaria is endemic in many hot countries.
Photosynthesis:
Process by which green plants trap light energy from the sun. This energy is used to drive a series of chemical reactions which lead to the formation of carbohydrates. The carbohydrates occur in the form of simple sugar or glucose which provides the basic food for both plants and animals. It requires chlorophyll and supply of carbon dioxide and water. It takes place in the leaf cells of plants.
Respiration:
Biochemical process whereby food molecules are progressively broken down to release energy in the form of ATP. In most organism this requires oxygen.In all higher organisms, respiration occurs in the mitochondria. Respiration is also used to mean breathing in which oxygen is exchanged for carbondioxide in the lungs. It is as a form of gas exchange.
Fission:
In physics, the splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into two or more major fragments. It is accompanied by the emission of two or three neutrons and the release of large amounts of nuclear energy.
Fusion:
In physics, the fusing of the nuclei of light elements, such as hydrogen, into those of a heavier element, such as helium. The resultant loss in their combined mass is converted into energy. Stars and thermonuclear weapons are powered by nuclear fusion.
Planet:
Greek 'wanderer' large celestial body in orbit around a star, composed of rock, metal or gas. There are nine planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus and Pluto.
Star:
Luminous globe of gas, mainly hydrogen and helium, which produces its own heat and light by nuclear reactions. Although stars shine for a very long time — many billions of years — they are not eternal, and have been found to change in appearance at different stages in their lives.
Pollination:
The process by which pollen is transferred from one plant to another. The male gametes are contained in pollen grains, which must be transferred from the anther to the stigma in angiosperms, and from the male cone to the female cone in gymnosperms. Fertilization occurs after the growth of the pollen tube to the ovary. Self pollination occurs when pollen is transferred to a stigma of the same flower; or to another flower on the same plant, cross pollination occurs when pollen is transferred to another plant.
Fertilization:
In sextual reproduction the union of two gametes to produce a zygote, which combines the genetic material contributed by each parents. In self-fertilization the male and female gametes come from the same plant. In cross-fertilization they come from different plants. Self-fertilization rarely occurs in animals; usually even thermaphrodite animals cross fertilize each other.
Microscope:
Instrument for magnified images with high resolution for detail. Optical and electron microscopes are the ones chiefly in use; other types include acoustic, scanning tunnelling, and atomic force microscopes.
Telescope:
Optical instrument that magnifies images of faint and distant objects; any device for collecting and focusing light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is a major research tool in astronomy and is used to sight over land and sea. Small telescopes can be attached to cameras and rifles.
Antibiotic:
Drug that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is derived from living organisms such as fungi or bacteria, which distinguishes it from synthetic antimicrobials.
Vaccine:
Any preparation of modified pathogens (viruses or bacteria) that is introduced into the body, usually either orally or by a hypodermic syringe, to induce the specific antibody reaction that produces immunity against a particular disease.
Q. 3: Differentiate between the following pairs
Periscope and Microscope
Perimeter and Altimeter
Nucleon and Photon
Cusec and Comet
Periscope and Microscope
Periscope:
Optical instrument designed for observation from a concealed position such as from a submerged submarine. In its basic form, it consists of a tube with parallel mirrors at each end, inclined at 45° to its axis. They were widely used in the trenches during World War I.
Microscope:
It is an instrument used in scientific study for making very small things look larger to examine carefully.
Perimeter:
A boundary line drawn around the edge of an area or shape. For example, the perimeter of a rectangle is the sum of its four edges, the perimeter of a circle is known as circumference
Altimeter:
Instrument used in aircraft that measures altitude, or high above sea level. The common type is a form of aneroid barometer which works by sensing the differences in air pressure at different altitudes.
Nucleon:
In particle physics, either a proton or neutron, when present in the atomic nucleus. Nucleon number is an alternative name for the mass number of an atom.
Photon:
In Physics the elementary particle of energy in which light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation are emitted. The photon has both particle and wave properties; It has no charge, is considered massless but possesses momentum and energy.
Cusec:
t is unit for measuring volume of flow, equal to one cubic foot per second
Comet:
A small, frozen mass of dust and gas revolving around the sun in a parabolic or elliptical orbit; as it nears the sun, it vaporizes, forming a coma and usually a long tail of ions that points away from the sun.
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